The reason that I am sure the problem is mostly with the X carriage movement system is that the X tower is the one at the left hand side of the bed where the biggest ripples are. What's happening is that bed probing is performed with alternately increasing X and decreasing X. When probing reaches the left hand edge and reverses direction, the X carriage has to reverse direction. The ripples show that the initial X carriage movement in the new direction is significantly smaller than commanded, indicating backlash.
EDIT: here is a way to check. Position the head e.g. 10mm above the centre of the bed, then send G91 to select relative movement, then use G1 S2 commands to move the carriages. For example, G1 S2 X0.05 should move the X carriage up by 0.05mm, and G1 S2 X-0.05 should move the X carriage down by 0.05mm. Test all 3 towers this way. I think you will find that when you reverse the direction, the X carriage doesn't initially show any movement.