I just want to finalize this:
I bought a quite expensive (~30β¬ for 3m) twisted and shielded k type thermocouple wire from a german specialized manufacturer. The wire was tested by the manufacturer before shipping.
In the meantime I made my own twisted wire with 2 0.22mmΒ² cables I had around.
Since then the temperature readings were good but every now and then when I touched the 3D printer, the failure happened again.
After the expensice wire came, I also tested this one.
Result is unchanged.
Nearly everytime I am touching the 3D printer, the thermocouple reads 2000Β°C and I have to shut the power off and on.
So I can not touch the 3d printer while printing or it will abort.
The reason for that is definetly the electrostatic charge I give the (metal case) 3d printer, that accumulates while walking on a carpet floor.
As the case is already earth grounded I think there is nothing else I can do to avoid this.
So I will order a thermistor and try to put it in between the silicon heating pat and the aluminium printbed.
Its a bit sad, that I spend 60β¬+ for the themocouple daughter board and the k type twisted wire for no benefit π
But at least I learned something.
If anyone has an idea that might solve my issue, you are welcome to help.
Otherwise I will just use the "dirty fix" with the thermistor.