@bondus my first tests with ESP32-CAM were unsuccessful, I will need more research. If you have hints how I can improve the encoder, please tell me!
My current approach is:
make the printout as big as possible, the resolution is better then. 30 cm diameter means maximum resolution at 600 dpi: 22231 dots, one dot means 1/60 degree. The dots could be subsampled by the camera. I thought about using a neuronal network solution.
buy ArduCam OV2640 and OV5647, where the objective can be removed to go with macro focus. For OV5647 I will need a Raspberry Pi Zero W each. There is a breakout version of OV2640.
If resolution is too low, I will wait for the new sensor OV48B ! (a joke, main problem will not be the resolution, but the focus)