@oliof That noctua has been there for almost half a year and there were no issues with it.
@infiniteloop So...today I got back to troubleshooting after leaving my printer alone for a few days so that my frustration would go away somewhat. I also picked up the phaetus dragonfly bms hotend today and put it in my printer.
I set it up and everything, bought a new generic ptfe tube (no fancy capricorn stuff) and after I put everything together I started the print...and yet again...the issue was the same...I couldn't believe my eyes...I was in utter disbelief...how, what, why...I have changed everything, there can't be any issues...I even pulled the ptfe tube out and put the filament in directly to check if there was any clogging, but there wasn't. And then...when I clicked on extrude on the duet surface, I heard the extruder stepper moving, but the gear didn't turn...then it hit me: I have upgraded the extruder part with a metal kit, which included a new gear for the extruder, but instead of the factory pressure fitted one I now had one with two miniature screws...which I didn't tighten strong enough, which (sometimes!!) led to the gear slipping...not always, just randomly.
So, turns out that I have been very negligent when putting the printer together the last time, it could've been one mistake or multiple failures at once which caused the print failures.
At long last, I can finally present a fully printed test cube! I really hope that this is where this story ends and that – at least for a while – I can print my creations in peace again.
Thank you @infiniteloop ,@oliof , @Exerqtor ,@jay_s_uk and @deckingman for the help and keeping the spirits up!